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Aplicaciones
Todo lo que necesita saber sobre la determinación del punto de fusión
El punto de fusión es una propiedad característica de las sustancias sólidas cristalinas. Descubra conceptos básicos sobre la técnica de punto de fusión y consejos para aplicar en su trabajo diario.
Definiciones, principio de determinación, influencias, trucos y consejos de medición, normativas y mucho más
Obtenga información básica para determinar el punto de goteo y de reblandecimiento. Descubra consejos prácticos para mejorar su rutina diaria de laboratorio.
Estándares
Estándares y normativas internacionales
Buscador estándar de punto de fusión y punto de goteo
AACC
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| AACC | 58-53.01 | 2009 | Slip melting point | The slip point (open tube melting point) is an index of temperature at which fat softens or becomes sufficiently fluid to slip or run. | MP55/MP80 |
AOCS
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| AOCS | Cc 3b-92 | 2009 | Slip melting point ISO Standard (see ISO 6321) | The temperature at which a column of fat in an open capillary tube begins to rise under the conditions specified. | MP55/MP80 |
| AOCS | Cc 3-25 | 2009 | Slip melting point, AOCS Standard open tube melting point | The temperature at which fat softens and becomes sufficiently fluid to slip in an open capillary tube. | MP55/MP80 |
| AOCS | Cc 1-25 | 2009 | Melting point capillary tube method | Fats pass through a stage of gradual softening before they become totally liquid. The melting point then must be defined by the specific conditions of the method by which it is determined and, in this case, it is the temperature at which the test sample becomes completely clear and liquid. | MP |
| AOCS | Cc 6-25 | 2009 | Cloud point test (on cooling) | The cloud point is that temperature at which, under the conditions of this test, a cloud is induced in the test sample caused by the first stage of crystallization. | Not available |
| AOCS | Cc 18-80 | 2009 | Dropping point of edible fats and oil | The dropping point of a fat or oil is the temperature at which the test sample will become fluid to flow under the conditions of the test. | DP |
JOCS
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| JOCS | 2.2.4.2 | 2009 | Melting point (slipping point) | Index of the temperature at which fat softens and becomes sufficiently fluid to slip in an open capillary tube | MP55/MP80 |
ASTM D
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| ASTM D | 36 | 2014 | Softening point of bitumen | The softening point of bitumen in the range from 30 to 157°C (86 to 315°F) using the ring-and-ball apparatus | Alternative for pure bitumen: ASTM 3461 with DP |
| ASTM D | 87 | 2014 | Melting point of petroleum waxes (cooling curve) | A plateau occurs with specimens containing appreciable amounts of hydrocarbons that crystallize at the same temperature, giving up heat of fusion, thus temporarily retarding the cooling rate. | Not available |
| ASTM D | 97 | 2012 | Standard test method for pour point of petroleum products. | Flow ability of the oil is tested when cooled down and crystallization starts, no stirring; instrument as used in ASTM D2500. | Not available |
| ASTM D | 127 | 2019 | Dropping point of petroleum waxes including petrolatum | Pre-melt sample, pour it into the sample cup, heating rate 2 K/min. | DP |
| ASTM D | 566 | 2016 | Dropping point of lubricating grease | Thermometer in sample cup. | Automatic alternative: ASTM D3954 with DP |
| ASTM D | 1177 | 2012 | Standard test method for Freezing point of Aqueous Engine Coolant. | The freezing point of an engine coolant may be used to determine the approximate glycol content, provided the glycol type is known. | Not available |
| ASTM D | 1519 | 2014 | Standard test method for Rubber chemicals-Melting Range | Melting range of commercial rubber processing chemicals either by use of capillary melting point tubes or by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) | MP |
| ASTM D | 2117 | 1988 | Melting point of semi-crystalline polymers by the hot stage microscopy method. Note: discontinued without replacement. | Change of birefringence in polarized light | Hot Stage |
| ASTM D | 2265 | 2015 | Dropping point of lubricating grease over wide temperature range | This method uses mercury thermometer | Automatic alternative: ASTM D3954 with DP |
| ASTM D | 2319 | 2014 | Softening point of pitches | Cube in air method | Not available |
| ASTM D | 2500 | 2014 | Cloud point of petroleum oils | Visual observation | Not available |
| ASTM D | 3104 | 2014 | Softening point of pitches (Mettler softening point method) | Pre-melt sample, pour it into the sample cup, heating rate 2 K/min. | DP |
| ASTM D | 3461 | 2014 | Softening point of asphalt and pitch (Mettler cup and ball method) | Pre-melt sample, pour it into the sample cup. Place lead ball of 3.2 ±0.1 g on the sample. Heating rate 2 K/min. | DP |
| ASTM D | 3954 | 2010 | Dropping point of waxes (The method duplicates D 566) | Start temperature 20 to 25°C below the expected dropping point, heating rate 2 K/min. Cup 2.8 mm hole. | DP |
| ASTM D | 4950 | 2014 | Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases | Greases Categories | Automatic alternative: ASTM D3954 with DP |
| ASTM D | 5771 | 2015 | Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Optical Detection Stepped Cooling Method) | This test method covers the description of the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness, by an automatic instrument using an optical device. | Not available |
| ASTM D | 5772 | 2015 | Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Linear Cooling Rate Method) | This test method covers the description of the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument using a linear cooling rate. | Not available |
| ASTM D | 5773 | 2015 | Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate Method) | This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument using a constant cooling rate. | Not available |
| ASTM D | 6038 | 2014 | Standard Test Method for Determining the Compatability of Resin/Solvent Mixtures by Precipitation Temperature | Testing the compatability of lithographic ink resins in high boiling ink solvents by precipitation temperature, manual and automatic mode. | Not available (cooling) |
| ASTM D | 6090 | 2012 | Softening Point Resins (Mettler Cup and Ball Method) | Sample cup with 6.35 mm aperture and steel ball | DP |
ASTM E
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| ASTM E | 28 | 2014 | Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins derived from pine chemicals and hydrocarbons by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus | Ring and ball apparatus, manual or automated | Not available |
| ASTM E | 324 | 1999 | Relative initial and final melting points and the melting range of organic chemicals | Melting point capillary in a bath | Withdrawn in 2001, Automatic alternative with MP |
CEI/IEC
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| CEI/IEC | 811-5-1 | 2006 | Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of electric cables. Part 5: methods specific to filling compounds | Section 1: Dropping point from nipple in glass tube and oil bath (Ubbelohde) | Automatic alternative with DP |
DIN EN
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| DIN EN | 1238 | 2011 | Determination of the softening point of thermoplastic adhesives (ring and ball) | Sample cup diameter (externally) 20.6 mm liquid bath | Not available |
| DIN EN | 1890 | 2006 | Surfactants - Determination of cloud point of non-ionic surface active agents obtained by condensation of ethylene oxide | In glass vial of 25 ml, with stirrer | Not available |
| DIN EN | 23015 | 1994 | Petroleum products; determination of cloud point | Replaced DIN ISO 3015, visual observation | Not available |
| DIN EN | 51801 Part 2 | 2005 | Determination of dropping point; Ubbelohde method for bitumen | Thermometer in sample. Sample cup aperture 3.0 mm. | Withdrawn Automatic alternative ASTM D3104, D3461 with DP |
| DIN EN | 51920 | 2012 | Testing of carbonaceous material; determination of the Mettler softening point; binding and impregnating materials | Sample cup with 6.35 mm aperture | DP |
| DIN EN | 52011 | 1986 | Testing of bitumen; determination of the softening point | Ring and ball | Withdrawn Not available |
| DIN | 53408 | 1967 | Testing of plastics; determination of solubility temperature of PVC in plasticizers | Heating rate 2°C/min, "clear point", microscope with magnification of 100 | Hot Stage |
DIN ISO
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| DIN ISO | 2176 | 1981 | Petroleum products; lubricating grease; determination of dropping point | Thermometer in sample, sample cup aperture 2.8 mm | Automatic alternative: ASTM D3954 with DP |
| ISO | 3015 | 1992 | Petroleum oils determination of cloud point | The method specified applies to petroleum products which are transparent in layers of 40 mm thickness and have a cloud point below 49 °C. The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. | Not available |
| DIN ISO | 3841 | 1983 | Petroleum waxes, determination of melting point (cooling curve) | Glass tube, thermometer in sample | Not available |
| ISO | 4625-2 | 2004 | Binders for paints and varnishes - Determination of softening point -Part 2: Cup and ball method | Uses the softening cup (6.35 mm aperture) with steel ball of 8.7 mm and 2.77 g | DP |
| DIN ISO | 22286 | 2018 | Determination of the dropping point of grease with an automatic apparatus | The initial temperature is set 20 °C above ambient. A heating rate of 10 °C/min is started until a temperature of 20 °C below the expected dropping point is reached. At this point, the heating rate is reduced to 1 °C/min until the dropping point is recorded. | DP |
IP
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| IP | 55 | 2001 | Melting point of petroleum waxes (cooling curve) | see ASTM D87 Specifies a procedure for determination of the melting point of petroleum wax (cooling curve). | Not available |
| IP | 132 | 2013 | Dropping point of lubricating grease | See ASTM D566 This test method covers the determination of the dropping point of lubricating grease. This test method is not recommended for use at bath temperatures above 288°C. | Automatic alternative: ASTM D3954 with DP |
| IP | 396 | 2002 | Determination of dropping point of lubricating grease - Automatic apparatus method | Specifies a method for determining the dropping point of lubricating grease by means of automatic dropping point apparatus. | DP |
ISO
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| DIN ISO | 2176 | 1981 | Petroleum products; lubricating grease; etermination of dropping point | Thermometer in sample, opening sample cup 2.8 mm. | Automatic alternative: ASTM D3954 with DP |
| DIN ISO | 3841 | 1983 | Petroleum waxes, determination of melting point (cooling curve) | Glass tube, thermometer in sample | Not available |
| ISO | 918 | 2011 | Determination of distillation characteristics Volatile organic liquids for industrial use | Relates to liquids (excluding petroleum products) having a boiling point in the range 30 °C to 300 °C and are stable during distillation in atmospheric conditions. | Not available |
| ISO | 1065 | 1991 | Non-ionic surface active agents obtained from ethylene oxide and mixed non-ionic surface active agents. Determination of cloud point | Sample 15 ml, 14 mm diameter, visual observation Specifies five methods of measurement. Methods A, B and C are applicable to agents derived by condensation with a lipophilic compound without oxypropylene groups. Methods D and E should be used only after agreement between the parties concerned. | Not available Alternative ASTM D2024 MP80 |
| ISO | 3015 | 1992 | Petroleum oils determination of cloud point | The method specified applies to petroleum products which are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness and have a cloud point below 49 °C. The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. | Not available |
| ISO | 3146 | 2002 | Plastics -- Determination of melting behavior (melting temperature or melting range) of semi-crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods | Method A based on changes in shape of the polymer; can also be used for softening of non-crystalline polymers. Metal block furnace. Powder up to 100 μm. Method B for hot stage, microscope magnification x50, powder or thin film | Hot Stage MP |
| ISO | 4625-2 | 2004 | Binders for paints and varnishes - Determination of softening point -Part 2: Cup an ball method | Uses the softening cup (6.35 mm) with steel ball 8.7 mm and 2.77 g | DP |
| UNI EN ISO | 6321 | 2005 | Animal and vegetable fats and oils- Determination of melting point in open capillary tubes (slip point) | Defines two methods for the determination of the melting point in open capillary tubes, commonly known as the slip point, of animal and vegetable fats and oils. - Method A is only applicable to animal and vegetable fats which are solid at ambient temperature and which do not exhibit pronounced polymorphism. - Method B is applicable to all animal and vegetable fats which are solid at ambient temperature, and is the method to be used for fats whose polymorphic behaviour is unknown. | MP |
OECD
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| OECD | 102 | 2011 | Melting point/melting range | Capillary tube in a metal block | MP |
JIS K
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| JIS K | 0064 | 2011 | Test method for melting point and melting range of chemical products | Transmitted light method | MP |
| JIS K | 4101 | 1993 | Testing methods for melting point of chemical products | Transmitted light method | MP |
Ph.Eur.
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| Ph.Eur. | 2.2.14 | 2017 | Melting point – capillary method | Rate 1 K/min. Temperature at which the last particle passes into the liquid | MP |
| Ph.Eur. | 2.2.15 | 2016 | Melting point – open capillary method | Slip point - rising melting point | MP55/MP80 |
| Ph.Eur. | 2.2.17 | 2016 | Drop Point | The drop point is the temperature at which the first drop of the melting substance to be examined falls from a cup under defined conditions | DP |
| Ph.Eur. | 2.2.18 | 2005 | Freezing point | The freezing point is the maximum temperature occurring during the solidification of a supercooled liquid. | Not available |
| Ph.Eur. | 2.2.60 | 2017 | Melting point – Instrumental method | Endpoint automatic | Merged with Ph.Eur.2.2.14 |
ChP
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| ChP | 0612 | 2016 | Determination of melting point | Metal block with capillaries (melting and slip melting point) | MP |
IPC
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| IPC | 2.4.21 | 2014 | Melting range or temperature | Metal block with capillaries (melting and slip melting point) | MP |
FSSAI
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| FSSAI | 8.0 | 2014 | Determination of melting point of fat | Open-tube capillary - slip method | MP55/MP80 |
JP
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| JP | 2.60 | 2017 | Melting point determination | Metal block with capillaries (melting and slip melting point) | MP |
USP
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| USP | 741 | 2015 | Melting range or temperature | Apparatus II: metal block with capillaries (melting and slip melting point) | MP |
WHO
| Standard | No. | Year | Title | Short description | Remark |
| WHO | 1.2.1 | 2015 | Melting temperature and melting range | Pulverizable substances and low melting solids (melting and slip melting point) | MP |
Organizations:
ASTM: American society for testing and materials http://www.astm.org/
ISO: international standardization organization http://www.iso.ch
EN: CEN, European Committee for Standardization http://www.cenorm.be
Ph.Eur.: European Pharmacopoeia
DIN: Deutsches Institut für Normung http://www.din.de/
Standards: http://www2.beuth.de/
JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards http://www.jsa.or.jp/eng/index.htm
JP: Japanese Pharmacopoeia https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/rs-sb-std/standards-development/jp/0019.html
AACC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry: https://www.aacc.org/
JOCS: Japan Oil Chemists' Society http://www.jocs.jp/index-e.html
VDA: Verband der Automobilindustrie http://www.vda.de/
USP: United State Pharmacopoeia http://www.usp.org
ChP: Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China http://wp.chp.org.cn/front/chpint/en/
IPC: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission http://www.ipc.gov.in/
IP: Institute of petroleum http://www.petroleum.co.uk
NF: norme française http://www.afnor.fr
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development http://www.oecd.org/
UNI: Ente nazionale italiano di unificazione http://www.uni.com
AOCS: American Oil Chemists Society http://www.aocs.org//
CEI/IEC: The International Electrotechnical Commission http://www.iec.ch/
IPC: Institute for interconnecting and packaging electronic circuits http://www.ipc.org/
CEC: Co-ordinating European Council for the development of performance tests for transportation fuels, lubricants and other fluids.
WHO: World Health Organization http://www.who.int/en/